Vision of Britain | 1861 Census: Ages

1861 Census of England and Wales, Ages (Sample Report Title: Population Tables. Ages, Civil Condition, Occupations and Birth-places of the People: with the Ages and Occupations of the Blind, of the Deaf-and-dumb, and of the inmates of certain public institutions Part I), Table 17 : " Occupations of Males aged 20 Years and upwards in Districts".

Show England Dep table	Hertfordshire RegC

OCCUPATIONS	[Males] [1]
Total of Males	45,095
1. Persons engaged in the General or Local Government of the Country	492
(1) Officers of National Government	230
Civ. Serv. not in Rev. Dep.	24
Post Office	110
Inland Revenue	84
Customs	5
Government Messengers, Workmen	0
Dockyard Artificers	1
Other Govt.	6
(2) Officers of Local Government	239
Magistrate	22
Police	140
Prison Officer	18
Union and Parish Officer	52
Officer of Local Board	2
Other Local Officers	5
(3) Officers of East India and Colonial Government	23
E. India and Col. Service	23
2. Persons engaged in the Defence of the Country	262
(1) Army	221
Army Officer	33
Army Half-pay Officer	20
Soldier	52
Chelsea Pensioner	107
Militia	7
Others	2
(2) Navy	41
Navy Officer	6
Navy Half-pay Officer	10
Seaman, R.N.	1
Royal Marine	6
Greenwich Pensioner	17
Others	1
3. Persons engaged in the Learned Professions or engaged in Literature, Art, and Science (with their immediate Subordinates)	1,131
(1) Clergymen, Ministers, and Church Officers	379
Clergyman	257
Protestant Minister	74
Roman Catholic Priest	1
Other Relig. Teachers	19
Parish Clerk	16
Other Church Officers	12
(2) Lawyers, Law Court Officers, and Law Stationers	219
Barrister	49
Solicitor	92
Law Student	1
Other Lawyers	0
Officers of Law Court	15
Law Clerk	61
Law Stationer	1
(3) Physicians, Surgeons, and Druggists	207
Physician	21
Surgeon, Apothecary	113
Medical Student, Assist.	10
Dentist	0
Druggist	61
Others	2
(4) Authors and Literary Persons	17
Author, Editor, Writer	9
Ors. eng. in Literature	8
(5) Artists	36
Artist, Painter	17
Sculptor	0
Engraver	1
Photographic Artist	18
Ors. Eng. in the Fine Arts	0
(6) Musicians, Teachers of Music	43
Musician	33
Music-master	9
Others	1
(7) Actors, Actresses	5
Actor	3
In Theatres, Exhibitions	2
(8) Teachers	207
Schoolmaster	163
Teacher of Languages	10
Profes. of Mathematics	3
Teacher (General)	21
Teacher of Dancing	5
Other Teachers	5
(9) Scientific Persons	18
Civil Engineer	17
Other Scientific Persons	1
4. Persons engaged in the Domestic Officers or Duties of Wives, Mothers, Mistresses of Families, Children, Relatives (not otherwise returned)	138
(3) Children and Relatives at home (not otherwise described)	53
Son, Grandson, Brother, Neph. (not oth. Des.)	53
(4) Scholars (so described)	85
Scholar (so described)	85
5. Persons engaged in entertaining, and performing Personal Offices for Man	2,469
(1) In Board and Lodging	910
Innkeeper, Hotelkeeper	101
Publican	579
Beerseller	210
Lodg., Boardg.-house K.	12
Coffee-house Keeper	1
Cook (not Domst. Serv.)	0
Others--Boarding, &c.	7
(2) Attendance (Domestic Servants, &c.)	1,559
Domst. Serv. (General)	573
Coachman	176
Groom	271
Gardener	423
Inn Servant	109
Hosp. Attent., Nurse, &c.	2
Others	5
6. Persons who buy or sell, keep, or lend Money, Houses or Goods of various Kinds	642
(1) Mercantile Men [Women]	285
Merchant	38
Banker	24
Insur., Ben. Soci. Offr.	2
Stock Broker, &c.	11
Ship Broker, Agent	4
Broker	10
Agent, Factor	13
Coal, Colliery Agent	5
Iron Merchant, Agent	0
Salesman	1
Auctioneer, Apprsr., Val.	29
Accountant	23
Commercial Clerk	83
Commercial Traveller	36
Other Mercantile Men	6
(2) Other General Dealers	357
Pawnbroker	5
Marine-store Dealer	69
Ge. Dlr., Costermonger	148
Shopkeeper	23
Hawker, Pedlar	112
Other General Dealers	0
7. Persons engaged in the Conveyance of Men, Animals, Goods, and Messages	1,432
(1) Carriers on Railways	429
Rail. Engine Driver, &c.	82
Railway Official	117
Railway Servant	198
Railway Police	32
Ors. eng. in	0
(2) Carriers on Roads	548
Toll Collector	29
Coach, Omn., Cab, Ownr.	7
Livery Staple Keeper	3
Coachman (not domstc.)	100
Cabman, Flyman	17
Carm., Carr., Carter, Dray.	392
Others	0
(3) Carriers on Canals and Rivers	337
Canal and River Service	78
Bargeman, Waterman	258
Others	1
(4) Carriers on Seas and Rivers	28
Shipowner	0
Seaman (Mercht. Serv.)	18
Pilot	0
Boatman on Seas	0
Dock Servant, Labourer	4
Wharfinger	6
Others	0
(5) Engaged in Storage	18
Warehsmn. (not Manch.)	10
Others in Storage	8
(6) Messengers and Porters	72
Messr., Port., Ernd. Boy	62
Telegraph Service	10
Others in Messages	0
8. Persons possessing or working the Land, and engaged in growing Grain, Fruits, Grasses, Animals, and other Products	20,492
(1) In Fields and Pastures (Agriculturists)	19,280
Land Proprietor	157
Farmer, Grazier	1,664
Farmer's "Son", "Brother", "Grandson"	403
Farm Bailiff	364
Agricultural Labourer	15,665
Shepherd (out-door)	616
Farm Servant (in-door)	342
Land Surv., Estate Agt.	54
Others in Agriculture	15
(2) In Woods (Arboriculturists)	134
Woodman	133
Others in Arboriculture	1
(3) In Gardens (Horticulturists)	1,078
Gardener	1,019
Nurseryman	41
Others in Horticulture	18
9. Persons engaged about Animals	962
(1) Persons engaged about Animals	962
Horse Dealer	16
Horsebreaker	7
Horsekpr., Grm., Jockey	484
Farrier, Veterinary Sur.	70
Cattle, Sheep,--Dealer	53
Drover	35
Pig Merchant, Dealer	8
Gamekeeper	240
Vermin Destroyer	24
Fisherman	2
Others about Animals	23
10. Persons engaged in Art and Mechanic Productions, in which Matters of various kinds are employed in combination	4,828
(1) In Books	118
Bookseller, Publisher	29
Bookbinder	13
Printer	71
Newspaper Agent	4
Others in Publications	1
(2) In Musical Instrument	8
Musical Instr. Mak., Dlr.	4
Others	4
(3) In Prints and Pictures	5
Lithographer, Lithographic Printer	3
Others	2
(4) In Carving and Figures	4
Wood-carver	3
Others	1
(5) in Tackle for Sport and Games	1
Toy Maker, Dealer	1
Bow, Bat, Tackle,--Mak.	0
(6) In Designs, Medals, and Dies	4
Pattern Designer	1
Others	3
(7) In Watches and Philosophical Instruments	86
Watchmkr., Clockmkr.	83
Optician	2
Weight or Measure Mkr.	1
Others	0
(8) In Surgical Instruments	1
Surgical Instrmt. Maker	1
Others	0
(9) In Arms	10
Gunsmith, Gun Manuf.	10
Others	0
(10) In Machines	134
Eng. and Mach. Maker	97
Spindle-maker	0
Needle manufacture	1
Scissors-maker	0
Tool Maker, Dealer	3
File-maker	1
Saw Smith, Maker	0
Cutler	13
Blade Maker, Forger	0
Knife-maker	0
Razor-maker	2
Others in Tools, Mchns.	17
(11) In Carriages	110
Coachmaker	110
Others	0
(12) In Harness	152
Saddler, Harness-maker	151
Whip-maker	1
(13) In Ships	27
Shipbldr., Shipwright	1
Block, Oar, Mast,--Mak.	0
Boat, Barge,--Builder	26
Sailmaker	0
Others	0
(14) In Houses and Buildings	3,594
House Proprietor	89
House Agent	4
Architect	15
Surveyor	13
Builder	167
Carpenter, Joiner	1,445
Bricklayer	1,200
Marble Mason	4
Mason, Pavior	105
Slater, Tiler	12
Plasterer	56
Paperhanger	2
Plumber, Painter, Glazr.	480
Others	2
(15) In Furniture	129
Cabinet Maker, Uphol.	90
Undertaker	0
Chair-maker	13
Picture-frame Maker	1
Carver, Gilder	9
Bedstead, Mattress,--Mak.	0
Furniture Broker	16
Others	0
(16) In Implements	415
Wheelwright	333
Millwright	59
Other Implement Mkrs.	23
(17) In Chemicals	30
Manuf. Chemist, Laborer	4
Dye, Colour,--manuf.	2
Dyer, Calenderer	20
Others	4
11. Persons working and Dealing in the Textile Fabrics and in Dress	2,648
(1) In Wool and Worsted	8
Woolstapler	3
Felt manufacture	0
Woollen Cloth manuf.	0
Clothier	5
Fuller	0
Wool, Woollen,--Dyer	0
Worsted manufacture	0
Stuff manufacture	0
Flannel manufacture	0
Blanket manufacture	0
Carpet, Rug,--manuf.	0
Others	0
(2) In Silk	119
Silk manufacture	113
Silk Dyer, Printer	1
Silk Mercer	3
Ribbon manufacture	0
Others	2
(3) In Cotton and Flax	21
Flax, Linen,--manuf.	0
Thread manufacture	0
Lace manufacture	0
Cotton manufacture	19
Fustian manufacture	0
Muslin manufacture	1
Calico, Cotton,--Printer	0
Calico, Cotton,--Dyer	0
Others	1
(4) In Mixed Materials (1, 2, 3.)	250
Packer and Presser	0
Weaver (undefined)	5
Manchester Warehmn.	2
Draper, Mercer	243
Others	0
(5) In Dress	2,178
Hairdresser, Wig-maker	54
Hatter, Hat manuf.	24
Straw Plait manuf.	152
Straw Hat, Bonnet Mak.	121
Shawl manufacture	0
Furrier	0
Tailor	586
Clothes Dealer, Outfitr.	10
Button-maker	0
Hose manufacture	0
Hosier, Haberdasher	2
Glover, Leather, &c.	5
Shoemaker, Bootmaker	1,178
Patten, Clog,--Maker	0
Umbrella, Stick,--Mak.	6
Others providing Dress	40
(6) In Hemp and other Fibrous Materials	72
Mat Maker, Seller	11
Rope, Cord,--Maker	28
Canvas Maker, Dealer	23
Sailcloth manufacture	1
Others	9
12. Persons working and dealing in Food and Drinks	3,222
(1) In Animal Food	638
Cowkeeper, Milkseller	111
Cheesemonger	2
Butcher, Meat Salesman	431
Provision Curer, Dealer	12
Poulterer, Game Dealer	15
Fishmonger	67
Others	0
(2) In Vegetable Food	1,205
Corn Merchant, Dealer	106
Miller	455
Flour Dealer, Agent	6
Baker	515
Confectioner, Pastry Ck.	40
Greengrocer, Fruiterer	63
Fruit, Flower,--Vendor	2
Potato Merchant	1
Seed Mercht., Seedsman	14
Sugar Refiner	1
Others	2
(3) In Drinks and Stimulants	1,379
Maltster	414
Brewer, &c.	378
Wine and Spirit Mercht.	21
Distiller, Rectifier	3
Cellarman	7
Ginger Br., Sod. Wat. Ma.	8
Grocer, Tea Dealer	535
Tobo., Cig., Snuff, manuf.	3
Tobacconist	5
Others	5
13. Persons working and dealing in Animal Substances	156
(1) In Grease, Gut, Bones, Horn, Ivory, and Whalebone	27
Soap-boiler	1
Tallow-chandler	23
Comb-maker	1
Others	2
(2) In Skins, Feathers, and Quills	99
Fellmonger	19
Skinner	2
Tanner	44
Currier	33
Others	1
(3) In Hair	30
Hair, Bristle,--manuf.	9
Brush, Broom,--Maker	21
Others	0
14. Persons working and dealing in Vegetable Substances	1,325
(1) In Gums and Resins	49
Oil Miller, Refiner	44
Oil and Colourman	2
French-polisher	3
Japanner	0
Others	0
(2) In Wood	628
Timber Merch., Dealer	33
Wood Dealer	18
Sawyer	398
Fence, Hurdle,--Maker	29
Lath-maker	23
Turner	49
Box-maker	2
Cooper	68
Hoop Maker, Bender	6
Others	2
(3) In Bark	1
Cork Cutter, manuf.	1
Others Workers in Bark	0
(4) In Cane, Rush, and Straw	266
Basket-maker	48
Hay and Straw Dealer	121
Thatcher	90
Others	7
(5) In Paper	381
Rag Gatherer, Dealer	21
Paper manufacture	305
Stationer (not Law)	19
Paper-stainer	7
Others Workers in Paper	29
15. Persons working and dealing in Minerals	2,046
(1) In Mining	2
Coal-miner	0
Copper-miner	1
Tin-miner	0
Lead-miner	0
Iron-miner	0
Others	1
(2) In Coal	261
Coal Merchant, Dealer	87
Coalheaver, Labourer	79
Coke Burner, Dealer	0
Chimney Sweeper	46
Gas Works Service	41
Other Workers in Coal	8
(3) In Stone, Clay	674
Stone Quarrier	1
Stone Cutter, Polisher	4
Slate Quarrier	0
Limestone Quar., Burner	20
Clay Labourer	1
Brick Maker, Dealer	213
Railway Labourer	205
Platelayer	70
Excavator, Navvy	13
Road Contractor, &c.	5
Road Labourer	110
Scavenger	2
Dust Collector	1
Others	29
(4) In Earthenware	37
Earthenware manuf.	9
Tobacco-pipe Makers	8
Earthenw., Glass, Dealer	19
Others	1
(5) In Glass	0
Glass manufacture	0
Other Workers in Glass	0
(6) In Salt	0
Salt manufacture	0
Other Dealers in Salt	0
(7) In Water	28
Waterworks Service	18
Others	10
(8) In Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones	7
Goldsmith, Jeweller	6
Plater, Plated Wareman	1
Others	0
(9) In Copper	4
Copper manufacture	1
Coppersmith	3
Others	0
(10) In Tin and Quicksilver	50
Tin manufacture	1
Tinman, Tinker	45
Tinplate Worker	4
Others	0
(11) In Zinc	3
Zinc manufacture	3
Others	0
(12) In Lead and Antimony	5
Lead manufacture	1
Typefounder	4
Others	0
(13) In Brass and other mixed Metals	75
Brass Founder, manuf.	8
Brazier	38
Locksmith, Bellhanger	4
Gasfitter	9
Wire Maker, Drawer	1
Wire Worker, Weaver	14
Others	1
(14) In Iron and Steel	900
Iron manufacture	80
Whitesmith	70
Blacksmith	668
Nail manufacture	0
Anchor, Chain,--Smith	0
Boiler-maker	1
Ironmonger	74
Hardwareman, Dealer	0
Steel manufacture	0
Grinder (branch undef.)	3
Others	4
16. Labourers and others - Branch of Labour undefined	2,030
(1) General Labourers	1,994
Labourer	1,994
(2) Other Persons of indefinite Occupations	36
Mechanic	4
Shopman	5
Apprentice	0
Others of indef. occu.	27
17. Persons of Rank or Property, not returned under any Office or Occupation	249
(1) Persons of Rank or property, not returned under any Office or Occupation	249
Gentleman	101
Annuitant	148
18. Persons supported by the Community and of no specified Occupation	260
(1) On Income from voluntary Sources and Rates	242
Dependent on Relatives	22
Almserperson, no stat. occ.	19
Pauper, no stated occ.	195
Lunatic, no stated occ.	6
Others	0
(2) Prisoners and others of Criminal Class	1
Prisoner, no stated occ.	1
(3) Vagrants and Gipsies	17
Vagrant, Beggar	11
Gipsy	6
19. Persons of no stated Rank, Profession, or Occupation	311
Visitor, no stated occ.	0
Others of no stated occupation or condition	311

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Comments:

1	Note that the original table is organised into the Orders and sub-Orders listed here, but provides counts only for the individual occupations.

This website does not try to provide an exact replica of the original printed census tables, which often had thousands of rows and far more columns than will fit on our web pages. Instead, we let you drill down from national totals to the most detailed data available. The column headings are those that appeared in the original printed report. The numbers presented here, which are the same ones we use to create statistical maps and graphs, come from the census table and have usually been carefully checked.

The system can only hold statistics for units listed in our administrative gazetteer, so some rows from the original table may be missing. Sometimes big low-level units, like urban parishes, were divided between more than one higher-level units, like Registration sub-Districts. This is why some pages will give a higher figure for a lower-level unit: it covers the whole of the lower-level unit, not just the part within the current higher-level unit.

Acknowledgments:

We are grateful to the following contributors. If you make use of the data in your own work, please follow any instructions given here on acknowledgment and re-use.

David Allan Gatley (School of Social Sciences, University of Staffordshire). Role: transcriber. Restrictions on use: the contributor must be acknowledged but the data may be freely used for non-commercial purposes.